The fall of a Russian princess who tried to help the people

SALISBURY, Conn. — In Petrograd, Russia, in late 1917, when the victorious Bolsheviks were scouting around for a good candidate for a show trial, they picked Countess Sofia Panina.

And it backfired.

Adele Lindenmeyr, dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Villanova University in Pennsylvania, and author of the 2019 book, “Citizen Countess: Sofia Panina and the Fate of Revolutionary Russia,” spoke via Zoom to a Scoville Memorial Library audience on Saturday, Oct. 17.

Born in 1871, Panina was the sole heir of a considerable fortune, involving landed estates, industrial interests and, prior to 1861, the labor of thousands of serfs.

Her upbringing veered between the efforts of her mother and stepfather, both prominent liberals (in the sense of advocating for a constitutional monarchy to replace the autocratic Czarist system), and the influence of her grandmother, who had Sofia whisked off to an exclusive boarding school for the children of the elite.

Lindenmeyr reminded the audience that there were in fact two revolutions in Russia in 1917: the first in February, resulting in the abdication of Czar Nicholas II and the establishment of the provisional government; and the next, in October 1917, when the communist Bolsheviks mounted a coup and seized power.

Panina, who had a history of charitable and philanthropic works, was tapped by the provisional government to be assistant minister of welfare and assistant minister of education.

These appointments represented the first time that a woman held a cabinet-level position in any government, anywhere, and for that reason alone are remarkable, Lindenmeyr said.

“It didn’t last very long,” she continued.

The Bolsheviks charged her with sabotage and stealing from the people, because she had participated in a civil service strike against the Bolshevik government and had arranged to have the petty cash in her office deposited in a bank in the name of the next government.

“She was a powerful symbol” of everything the Bolsheviks despised: inherited wealth, the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie.

She was convicted, but the public relations benefit the Bolsheviks were expecting failed to materialize, as actual members of the working class rose to defend her in court.

She spent some time in jail, but was essentially ransomed out. She left Petrograd in 1918 and went to the south of Russia, where she connected with the anti-Bolshevik White Russian movement.

When that collapsed in 1920 she left Russia and never returned. 

She lived in England, France, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia between 1924 and 1938, remaining busy in various pursuits, including a stint at the League of Nations. 

Living in Prague in 1938, with war on the horizon, she was invited by her stepbrother, a Yale professor, to come to the United States. She arrived in New York City in January 1939, and died in the city in 1956, with a $40 per month Social Security payment and $200 in the bank her only assets.

Lindenmeyr said the countess showed “extraordinary adaptability in the face of momentous events.”

Panina is an example of the empowerment of women, Lindenmeyr added, and of the decline of the European aristocracy in the 20th century.

And she is remembered for her “generosity, honesty, and loyalty to friends.”

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